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A field of medicine dedicated to identifying and treating cancer. It comprises surgical oncology, radiation oncology, and medical oncology (the use of pharmaceuticals like chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and other medications to treat cancer) (the use of surgery and other procedures to treat cancer).
The body may have historically used cell division as a means of growth and repair. When there is no longer a need for extra female progeny cells, healthy cells stop dividing; cancer cells continue to divide. Cancerous cells are those that divide unceasingly, resulting in solid tumors or an overabundance of aberrant blood cells. Cancer biology examines these alterations as well as the molecular networks that control cell division, proliferation, and death. Medical specialization is defined as the study of several cancer types.
The phrase "pediatric oncology" refers to all malignant disorders affecting newborns and children with cancer. Neuroblastoma, Retinoblastoma, Wilms tumor and brain tumors such as gliomas are the most prevalent juvenile cancers. Childhood malignancies are extremely uncommon and may behave differently than adult cancers in terms of how they develop, spread, are treated, and react to the therapy.
It is the most common type of cancer. It starts in the epithelial tissue of the skin, or in the tissue that lines internal organs, such as the kidneys or liver. Carcinomas may spread to other parts of the body or be limited to the primary location. They are believed to be the result of a combination of factors, including genetic factors, Carcinogens, asbestos, consumption of alcohol, tobacco smoke, radiation, or industrial chemicals. Certain viruses like the human papillomavirus, and hepatitis.
Sarcoma is a type of cancer that starts in soft tissues or the bones of the body, including fat, cartilage, muscle, blood vessels, fibrous tissue, or supportive or connective tissue. Different types of sarcomas are based on where the tumor forms. DNA changes in soft tissue sarcoma are common. But they're usually developed during life rather than having been inherited earlier in birth. Acquired mutations may result from cancer-causing cells or heavy radiation exposure. In most sarcomas, they happen for no actual reason. The total 5yr survival rate for sarcoma is 65%. About 60% of sarcomas are found as localized sarcoma. The 5-year survival rate for people with localized sarcoma is 81%. About 19% of sarcomas are found in a locally unconventional stage
Melanoma, which means black tumor, is the supreme risky type of skin cancer it grows rapidly and can spread all over the body. Melanoma is a type of skin tumor that changes when melanocytes (the cells that give the skin its brown or tan color) begin to mature out of control. For example, (UV) ultraviolet rays are undoubtedly the main cause of melanoma. UV rays can harm the DNA in skin cells. Sometimes these genes no lengthier work properly, and the affected cells may become cancer tumors Variations in color, shape, and size or feel of a mole are often the first noticed signs of melanoma. These variations can occur in an existing mole, or melanoma may look like a new or unusual-looking mole. The "ABCDE" rule helps memorize the warning signs of melanoma.
Lymphoma is a tumor that starts in infection-fighting cells of the immune system known as lymphocytes. These cells are in the lymph nodes, thymus, bone marrow, spleen, and other parts of the body. When you have lymphoma, lymphocytes alter and mature out of control. Lymphoma is a rare, slow-growing type of lymphoma. It is found mostly in the bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes. Persons of this type are usually alive many years with the disease, but it's typically not curable.
The disease is characterized by the uncontrolled maturity of blood cells, usually (WBC) White blood cells in the bone marrow. White blood cells are the major component of the body’s immune response Leukemia cells are gathered out and replace the normal blood and marrow cells.
Autolymphocytic leukemia
Auto myeloid leukemia
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Chronic myeloid leukemia
Many different tests exist to detect and measure almost any type of chemical component in blood or urine. Components may include blood glucose, electrolytes, enzymes, hormones, lipids (fats), other metabolic substances, and proteins. an unusual expansion of skin cells. It usually develops in areas that are exposed to the sun, but it can also form in areas that don’t generally get sun exposure. The two main types of skin tumors are defined by the cells-
Keratinocyte carcinoma
Lung cancer starts in the lungs and may spread to lymph nodes or other parts of the body, such as the brain. Cancer from other body parts also may spread to the lungs. When cancer cells spread from one another, they are called metastases. Lung cancer cells commonly are grouped into two main categories known as small cell and non-small cell (including squamous cell and adenocarcinoma). This type of lung cancer develops differently and is treated differently. Non-small cell lung cancer is more common than small cell lung tumors.
Types of Treatment in lung cancer. Lung cancer is treated in numerous ways, depending on the kind of lung cancer and how distant it has spread. Persons with non-small cell lung tumors can be treated which chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of any of these treatments. People with small cell lung cancer are normally treated with radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
Breast cancer is the type of breast tumor that depends on which cells in the breast changes into cancer
Invasive ductal carcinoma
Invasive lobular carcinoma
cancer is an infection in which cells in the breast develop out of control. There are different types of breasts,
Invasive Ductal Carcinoma- The tumor cells begins in the ducts and then develop outside of the ducts into other parts of the breast tissue. Invasive cancer cells are also spread, or metastasized, to Invasive Lobular Carcinoma
Invasive Lobular Carcinoma- The Cancer cells started in the lobules and then spread from the lobules to the breast tissues that are close by. These invasive cancer cells can also spread to various parts of the body.
The other parts of the body. make up the urinary bladder begins to develop or grow out of control. As more cancer cells develop, they can form a cancer cell, and, with time, that spreads to the other parts of the body. The bladder is a hollow organ in the inferior pelvis. It Contains flexible, muscular walls that stretch to hold urine and squeeze to send it out of the body. The bladder's main purpose is the collection and storage of urine. Urine is the liquid waste by the 2 kidneys and then carry out to the bladder with 2 tubes called ureters. When you urinate, the muscles in the bladder will contract, and urine is forced out of the bladder with a tube or pipe known as the urethra
Squamous cell carcinoma
Other Types of Bladder Cancer:
The Other types of cancer begin in the bladder, but these all are much less common than urothelial cancer. Squamous cell carcinoma In the US, only about 1% to 2% of bladder cancers are squamous cell carcinomas. Seen with a microscope, the cells look mostly like the flat cells that are found on the surface of the skin. Nearly all squamous cell carcinomas are the bladders are invasive.
Liver cancer strikes chemicals. The liver participates in many other essential functions, such as removing poisons from twice as many men as women, at the average age of 67. Because the liver is made up of several different types of cells, numerous types of tumors can form there. Some of those are benign (noncancerous), and some are cancerous and can spread to other parts of the body (metastasize). These tumor cells have different reasons and are treated differently. The most common benign tumors of the liver are-
Fibroma
Leiomyoma
It is the most common reason for cancer death from gynecologic cancer cells in the United States. Malignant ovarian lesions contain primary lesions arising from usual structures within the ovary and secondary lesions from cancers arising from a different place in the body. Primary lesions include epithelial ovarian carcinoma (70% of all are ovarian malignancies). Current researches suggest that the majority of those originated from Fallopian tubes.
It is cancer that is caused by asbestos. It occurs most commonly inlining of the abdomen or the lungs. The average life span for this mesothelioma cancer is 18-31months from diagnosis, but the diagnosis may recover with treatment. Asbestos is only the exact cause of mesothelioma. When these asbestos fibers are in-digested or inhaled they may become inserted into the lining of the heart, lungs, or abdomen. Over time the fibers can cause carrying and inflammation. This irritation can lead to the development of mesothelioma tumors based on the location. The major common tumors are three and are made up of different cell types.
Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology address a wide range of pharmacology and oncology concerns on the together experimental and clinical levels. The main focus of this rapid publication medium is on the new anti-cancer agents, and their experimental showing, preclinical toxicology and pharmacology, solo and or combined drug administration modalities, and phase 1, 2, and 3 clinical trials. Clinical toxicology, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, and signs for chemotherapy in tumor treatment strategy. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology is an important analysis for oncologists and pharmacologists. It offers results in the linked fields like pharmacokinetics pharmacodynamics, clinical toxicology, signs for chemotherapy, and drug interactions are the tumor treatment strategy. It addresses an extensive range of oncologic and pharmacologic worries.
Chemotherapy is also known as chemo which is the treatment given with drugs that block or stop the growth of the cell. mostly for cancer cells. After the discovery and use of the X-rays for treatment and diagnosis of the tumor, they have been standoff for investigation of newer treatments which are used in cancer care. This significant change in the treatment of tumor cells took place around the ’40s of the 20th century, with the sudden and accidental discovery of the first DNA alkylating agent.
It is a method or process in which cancer cells make the energy they want to develop and spread. It is a target for investigators working to end or slow down cancers. Metabolism is how the cells in the body use carbohydrates, proteins, and fats from food to get the energy they want to mature and stay healthy. Cancer cells do this differently. Related healthy cells, can use lots of glucose and they generate low energy while creating what they want to multiply and then spread.
New Approaches-
Researchers are working to walk up with new ideas to hinder cancer metabolism. This type of work is in earlier stages, mostly in laboratory studies and tests on animals. And in the case of people, it is not yet ready. potential targets include-
Glucose
Amino acids
Oncoviral infections are common, but these infections rarely result in cancer. One or more extra insults, such as chronic environmental mutagens, immunosuppression, and inflammation are essential for cancer growth. Additionally, viruses are only an unconditional requirement for oncogenesis in Kaposi sarcoma and cervical cancer. Onco-viruses are divided into direct or indirect carcinogens, even though some overlay exists between the distinctions. Direct carcinogenic viruses have viral oncogenes that directly donate to neoplastic cellular transformation, whereas UN-planned carcinogens cause chronic inflammation which can lead to oncogenic transformation. Oncogenic DNA viruses like hepatitis B virus (HBV), human papillomavirus (HPV), EVB, human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). Oncogenic RNA viruses contain hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1).
There is no repetitive cancer. Every person’s cancer is altered with different stages, individually matchless genes and molecules driving the person's particular disease precision medicine also termed personalized medicine can have limited or fewer side effects than the other form of cancer treatment. Precision cancer medicine may affect fewer healthy cells and be more intricate in cancer.
Pharmacogenomics: researchers can study how the genes affect your response to the drugs which is known as pharmacogenomics showing your genes affect drugs in the body and makes a variation. It regulates how well a drug is working for us and how safe it was.
The future of personalized cancer medicine:
Personalized cancer medicine will make cancer treatment more active and effective, with fewer side effects. But they contain some challenges still that include:
Personalized treatment is not available for all the types and sub-types of the cancer
Some of the personalized treatments like targeted treatment were expensive in nature.
Examples of personalized cancer medicine: This involves targeted therapy- the targeted therapy targets the particular genes and proteins that allow definite cancer to develop and live. researchers find new targets for more cancer each year. After that, they create and test new drugs for those targeted cancers with targeted treatment for some people like bladder cancer, brain cancer, breast cancer, etc
Types of personalized cancer medicine:
Oesophageal cancer
Thyroid cancer
Lung cancer
Breast cancer
To accurately target and eliminate tumors, radiotherapy uses radiation energy from artificially produced particles and radioactive elements. The term "radiation" often refers to "external beam" radiotherapy, which involves treating patients by beaming X-rays into their bodies. Linear accelerators are most frequently used to produce these X-rays (LINAC). Proton beam therapy, a more recent form of external beam radiotherapy that uses proton particles rather than X-rays and has begun to be used in the UK for patients with very certain cancers.
Types of radiotherapy
Side effects of radiotherapy
Science's field of toxicology aids in our understanding of the potentially hazardous consequences that substances, chemicals, or events can have on people, animals, and the environment. Since toxicology as a field has evolved from a science devoted to investigating poisons and harmful consequences of chemical exposure to a science committed to studying safety, some people refer to it as the "Science of Safety."
Toxicology employs science to make predictions about which substances will be harmful and in what ways, and then it disseminates those findings to safeguard the public's health.
Pharmacokinetics (PK) is the study of how the body responds to medications during the course of exposure. This is strongly related to pharmacodynamics, which closely investigates the drug's impact on the body, but it differs from it in important ways.
This field typically looks at four basic parameters:
absorption,
distribution,
metabolism,
and excretion (ADME)
Given the diverse physiology and lifestyles of patients, practitioners can more easily prescribe and administer medications that will have the greatest benefit at the lowest risk by having a solid grasp of these processes. They can also make adjustments as needed.
The study of a drug's molecular, chemical, and physiological effects or actions is known as pharmacodynamics. All medications work by interacting with biological targets or structures at the molecular level to alter the target molecule's functionality during upcoming intermolecular interactions. These interactions include chemical interactions, receptor binding, and post-receptor consequences. Examples of these interactions include medications attaching to an enzyme's active site, pharmaceuticals interfering with cell surface signaling proteins to obstruct subsequent signaling, and drugs acting via interacting with molecules like tumor necrosis factor (TNF).
Pharmacogenomics refers to the study of how genes impact how an individual reacts to medications. This area integrates the study of genes and their roles with the science of pharmaceuticals to create effective, secure medications that may be provided depending on a person's genetic profile.
Many medications on the market today are "one size fits all," yet they don't all operate in the same manner. It might be challenging to anticipate who will respond well to a treatment, who won't respond at all, and who will encounter undesirable side effects (called adverse drug reactions).
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